The Buddha teaches on two hopes that are difficult to abandon, two kinds of people who are rare in the world, two kinds of people who are difficult to satisfy, two causes for the arising of passion, aversion, wrong view, and right view, and two kinds of offenses.

AN 2.118-129 Āsāduppajaha vagga - The Chapter Beginning With The Difficult to Abandon

2.118

“Dvemā, bhikkhave, āsā duppajahā. Katamā dve? Lābhāsā ca jīvitāsā ca. Imā kho, bhikkhave, dve āsā duppajahā”ti.

“Bhikkhus, there are two hopes that are difficult to abandon. What are the two? The |hope for acquisitions::desire for gain, expectation of acquisition [lābhāsā]| and the |hope for long life::desire for long life, expectation of existence [jīvitāsā]|. These, bhikkhus, are the two hopes that are difficult to abandon.”

2.119

“Dveme, bhikkhave, puggalā dullabhā lokasmiṁ. Katame dve? Yo ca pubbakārī, yo ca kataññū katavedī. Ime kho, bhikkhave, dve puggalā dullabhā lokasmin”ti.

“Bhikkhus, there are two kinds of people who are rare in the world. What are the two? The one who helps before being asked and the one who is grateful and appreciative of the help. These, bhikkhus, are the two kinds of people who are rare in the world.”

2.120

“Dveme, bhikkhave, puggalā dullabhā lokasmiṁ. Katame dve? Titto ca tappetā ca. Ime kho, bhikkhave, dve puggalā dullabhā lokasmin”ti.

“Bhikkhus, there are two kinds of people who are rare in the world. What are the two? The one who is content and the one who makes others content. These, bhikkhus, are the two kinds of people who are rare in the world.”

2.121

“Dveme, bhikkhave, puggalā duttappayā. Katame dve? Yo ca laddhaṁ laddhaṁ nikkhipati, yo ca laddhaṁ laddhaṁ vissajjeti. Ime kho, bhikkhave, dve puggalā duttappayā”ti.

“Bhikkhus, there are two kinds of people who are difficult to satisfy. What are the two? The one who throws away whatever he gets and the one who gives away whatever he gets. These, bhikkhus, are the two kinds of people who are difficult to satisfy.”

2.122

“Dveme, bhikkhave, puggalā sutappayā. Katame dve? Yo ca laddhaṁ laddhaṁ na nikkhipati, yo ca laddhaṁ laddhaṁ na vissajjeti. Ime kho, bhikkhave, dve puggalā sutappayā”ti.

“Bhikkhus, there are two kinds of people who are easily satisfied. What are the two? The one who does not throw away whatever he gets and the one who does not give away whatever he gets. These, bhikkhus, are the two kinds of people who are easily satisfied.”

2.123

“Dveme, bhikkhave, paccayā rāgassa uppādāya. Katame dve? Subhanimittañca ayoniso ca manasikāro. Ime kho, bhikkhave, dve paccayā rāgassa uppādāyā”ti.

“Bhikkhus, there are two causes for the arising of |passion::intense desire, strong emotion, infatuation, obsession, lust [rāga]|. What are the two? |The sign of the beautiful::a beautiful mental image, an attractive object that is the basis for lust [subhanimitta]| and |superficial attention::unwise attention, peripheral attention, content-bound reflection; lit. attention not from the source [ayonisomanasikāra]|. These, bhikkhus, are the two causes for the arising of passion.”

2.124

“Dveme, bhikkhave, paccayā dosassa uppādāya. Katame dve? Paṭighanimittañca ayoniso ca manasikāro. Ime kho, bhikkhave, dve paccayā dosassa uppādāyā”ti.

“Bhikkhus, there are two causes for the arising of |aversion::hatred, hostility, mental attitude of rejection, fault-finding, resentful disapproval [dosa]|. What are the two? An |aversive mental image::sign of resistance, mental image which agitates or disturbs one [paṭighanimitta]| and |superficial attention::unwise attention, peripheral attention, content-bound reflection; lit. attention not from the source [ayonisomanasikāra]|. These, bhikkhus, are the two causes for the arising of aversion.”

2.125

“Dveme, bhikkhave, paccayā micchādiṭṭhiyā uppādāya. Katame dve? Parato ca ghoso ayoniso ca manasikāro. Ime kho, bhikkhave, dve paccayā micchādiṭṭhiyā uppādāyā”ti.

“Bhikkhus, there are two causes for the arising of |wrong view::a distorted perception, an untrue view, a false belief [micchādiṭṭhi]|. What are the two? The utterance of another and superficial attention. These, bhikkhus, are the two causes for the arising of wrong view.”

2.126

“Dveme, bhikkhave, paccayā sammādiṭṭhiyā uppādāya. Katame dve? Parato ca ghoso, yoniso ca manasikāro. Ime kho, bhikkhave, dve paccayā sammādiṭṭhiyā uppādāyā”ti.

“Bhikkhus, there are two causes for the arising of |right view::view that is in line with the Dhamma - teachings of the Buddha that point to the nature of reality, the ultimate truth [sammādiṭṭhi]|. What are the two? The utterance of another and |radical attention::wise attention, root-level attention, attention to the structural source, contextual reflection; lit. attention from the source [yoniso + manasikāra]|. These, bhikkhus, are the two causes for the arising of right view.”

2.127

“Dvemā, bhikkhave, āpattiyo. Katamā dve? Lahukā ca āpatti, garukā ca āpatti. Imā kho, bhikkhave, dve āpattiyo”ti.

“Bhikkhus, there are two kinds of |offenses::wrongdoing, transgression [āpattiyo]|. What are the two? |Light::trifling, unimportant, negligible [lahuka]| offenses and |grave::weighty, important [garuka]| offenses. These, bhikkhus, are the two kinds of offenses.”

2.128

“Dvemā, bhikkhave, āpattiyo. Katamā dve? Duṭṭhullā ca āpatti, aduṭṭhullā ca āpatti. Imā kho, bhikkhave, dve āpattiyo”ti.

“Bhikkhus, there are two kinds of offenses. What are the two? |Serious::heavy, bad, corrupt [duṭṭhulla]| offenses and non-serious offenses. These, bhikkhus, are the two kinds of offenses.”

2.129

“Dvemā, bhikkhave, āpattiyo. Katamā dve? Sāvasesā ca āpatti, anavasesā ca āpatti. Imā kho, bhikkhave, dve āpattiyo”ti.

“Bhikkhus, there are two kinds of offenses. What are the two? |Remediable::curable [sāvasesa]| offenses and |irremediable::incurable [anavasesa]| offenses. These, bhikkhus, are the two kinds of offenses.”

Qualities:

Attachment

Attachment

A mental fastening onto people, things, views, or states as “me” or “mine,” unwilling to release them. This clinging can give a sense of security and sweetness.

Also known as: acquisition, bond, clinging, grasping, holding on, possession, entanglement, bound, connected, taking as mine
Pāli: upadhi, upādāna, sakiñcana, mamatta
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Aversion

Aversion

A rejecting mental quality rooted in perception, where one instinctively turns away from or resists unpleasant experiences or objects; it manifests as a tendency to push away discomfort, obstructing patience and acceptance.

Also known as: animosity, hate, hostility, fault-finding mindset, upset
Pāli: dosa, paṭighasaññā, vera
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Contentment

Contentment

The quality of being satisfied with the requisites one has and with the present conditions, resulting in having few desires and being free from agitation.

Also known as: fewness of wishes, having few desires, satisfaction, sense of ease
Pāli: santutthi, appicchatā, tuṭṭha, tosana
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Passion

Passion

Intense desire or lust that dyes the mind. It fixates on the features of objects, coloring perception with infatuation and making it difficult to see things as they truly are.

Also known as: burning fever, intense desire, strong emotion, infatuation, obsession, lust
Pāli: rāga
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Radical attention

Radical attention

Attending to the structural container or matrix from which an experience originates. Rather than fixating on the foreground content, it discerns the underlying conditions and framework of the experience, preventing the mind from getting swept up in proliferation.

Also known as: wise attention, root-level attention, attention to the structural source, contextual reflection
Pāli: yonisomanasikāra
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Respect

Respect

A mental attitude of reverent attentiveness that values goodness and wisdom in oneself and others. It steadies conduct and opens the mind to learning and humility.

Also known as: reverence, veneration, regard, admiration, appreciation, deference, honour, attentiveness
Pāli: gārava, pūjā, sakkāra
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Right view

Right view

View that is in line with the Dhamma — teachings of the Buddha that point to the nature of reality, the ultimate truth.

Also known as: right understanding, right belief, view that is inline with the Dhamma
Pāli: sammādiṭṭhi
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Superficial attention

Superficial attention

Attention that misses the structural matrix, fixating entirely on the surface features and foreground content of an experience. By remaining bound to the periphery, it feeds mental proliferation and drives reactions of craving, aversion, and delusion.

Also known as: unwise attention, attention to the foreground, content-bound reflection
Pāli: ayonisomanasikāra
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Wrong view

Wrong view

A distorted understanding that sees permanence in the impermanent, satisfaction in the unsatisfactory, or self in the not-self. Wrong view guides action by delusion, obscuring cause and effect, and closes the door to wisdom and release.

Also known as: distorted or inverted perception, untrue view, false belief
Pāli: micchādiṭṭhi
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Last updated on July 8, 2026