The Buddha recounts his striving and meditation under the Nerañjarā river, where he was approached by Māra. The Buddha rejects Māra's temptations and describes the qualities of a true practitioner who conquers Māra's army.

SNP 3.2  Padhāna sutta - Striving

“Taṁ maṁ padhānapahitattaṁ,
nadiṁ nerañjaraṁ pati;
Viparakkamma jhāyantaṁ,
yogakkhemassa pattiyā.

“When, resolutely set upon |striving::making effort, exerting [padhāna]|,
I went to the |Nerañjarā::a river in ancient India, now identified with the modern Phalgu River or its tributary the Niranjana River, lit. the river with pure, clean water [nerañjarā]| river;
As I was meditating with intense exertion,
for |the attainment of::reaching [patti]| security from bondage—

Namucī karuṇaṁ vācaṁ,
bhāsamāno upāgami;
‘Kiso tvamasi dubbaṇṇo,
santike maraṇaṁ tava.

|Namucī::name of Māra, lit. does not free [namucī]| approached me,
speaking words of sympathy:
‘You are thin, discolored,
you’re on the verge of death.

Sahassabhāgo maraṇassa,
ekaṁso tava jīvitaṁ;
Jīva bho jīvitaṁ seyyo,
jīvaṁ puññāni kāhasi.

A thousand parts belong to death,
one fraction of your life remains;
Live, sir, life is better,
while living, make merits!

Carato ca te brahmacariyaṁ,
Aggihuttañca jūhato;
Pahūtaṁ cīyate puññaṁ,
Kiṁ padhānena kāhasi.

While you’re living the |spiritual life::a life of celibacy, contemplation, and ethical discipline lived for the sake of liberation; oriented toward inner development rather than sensual pleasures [brahmacariya]|,
and performing fire sacrifice;
abundant merit is accumulated.
What will you gain through striving?

Duggo maggo padhānāya,
dukkaro durabhisambhavo’”;
Imā gāthā bhaṇaṁ māro,
aṭṭhā buddhassa santike.

Hard to tread is the path of striving,
hard to practice, and even harder to fulfill.’”
Speaking these verses, Māra stood,
in the presence of the Buddha.

Taṁ tathāvādinaṁ māraṁ,
bhagavā etadabravi;
“Pamattabandhu pāpima,
yenatthena idhāgato.

When Māra had spoken in such a way,
the Blessed One said this to him:
“Kinsman of the |negligent::inattentive, careless, intoxicated [pamatta]|, |Evil One::profoundly immoral and wicked, having evil quality, epithet of Māra [pāpimant]|,
you have come here with a purpose.

Aṇumattopi puññena,
Attho mayhaṁ na vijjati;
Yesañca attho puññena,
Te māro vattumarahati.

I do not see a need,
even for the slightest merit.
It is fitting for Māra to speak,
to those who have need of merits.

Atthi saddhā tathā viriyaṁ,
paññā ca mama vijjati;
Evaṁ maṁ pahitattampi,
kiṁ jīvamanupucchasi.

I have |faith::confidence, conviction, trust [saddha]|, and I have |energy::willpower, determination [vīriya]|,
and |wisdom::distinctive knowledge, discernment [paññā]| too is present in me;
When I am so resolute,
why do you ask me to [cling to] life?

Nadīnamapi sotāni,
ayaṁ vāto visosaye;
Kiñca me pahitattassa,
lohitaṁ nupasussaye.

This wind could |parch::dry up, evaporate [visosayati]|,
even the rivers’ |currents::streams [sotā]|;
So why, when I am so resolute,
should it not dry up my blood?

Lohite sussamānamhi,
Pittaṁ semhañca sussati;
Maṁsesu khīyamānesu,
Bhiyyo cittaṁ pasīdati;
Bhiyyo sati ca paññā ca,
Samādhi mama tiṭṭhati.

When the blood is drying up,
bile and phlegm also wither away;
Even as the flesh decays,
the mind becomes ever more |serene::bright, clear [pasīdati]|;
With growing |mindfulness::recollection of the body, feelings, mind, and mental qualities, observing them clearly with sustained attention, free from craving and distress [sati]| and wisdom,
my |collectedness::stability of mind, stillness of mind, mental composure [samādhi]| persists.

Tassa mevaṁ viharato,
Pattassuttamavedanaṁ;
Kāmesu nāpekkhate cittaṁ,
Passa sattassa suddhataṁ.

While I am dwelling in such a way,
having reached the ultimate experience;
The mind no longer yearns for sensual pleasures,
behold the purity of this being!

Kāmā te paṭhamā senā,
Dutiyā arati vuccati;
Tatiyā khuppipāsā te,
Catutthī taṇhā pavuccati.

Sensual pleasures are your first army,
the second is called |dissatisfaction::dislike, discontent, aversion, boredom [arati]|;
Hunger and thirst are the third,
fourth is called |craving::wanting, yearning, longing, attachment, lit. thirst [taṇhā]|.

Pañcamaṁ thinamiddhaṁ te,
Chaṭṭhā bhīrū pavuccati;
Sattamī vicikicchā te,
Makkho thambho te aṭṭhamo.

Fifth is |dullness and drowsiness::lack of mental clarity or alertness, mental sluggishness, lethargy, sleepiness lit. stiffness (of mind/body due to tiredness) [thinamiddha]|,
sixth is |terror::fear’s approach [bhīru]|;
The seventh is |doubt::uncertainty, indecisiveness [vicikicchā]|,
|contempt::ungratefulness, depreciation, denigration, disrespect, belittlement, disparagement [makkha]| and |stubbornness::bullheadedness, inflexibility [thambha]| are the eighth.

Lābho siloko sakkāro,
Micchāladdho ca yo yaso;
Yo cattānaṁ samukkaṁse,
Pare ca avajānati.

|Acquisitions::gain, money, profit, possessions [lābha]|, praise, and respect,
and improperly gained |fame::glory, prestige [yasa]| [forms the ninth];
[the tenth is when] one |extols::glorifies [samukkaṃsati]| oneself,
and |looks down on::is condescending to, despises [avajānati]| others.

Esā namuci te senā,
Kaṇhassābhippahārinī;
Na naṁ asūro jināti,
Jetvā ca labhate sukhaṁ.

This is your army, Namucī,
[the squadron] deployed by the Dark One;
A coward does not conquer it,
but having conquered it, one obtains |ease::contentment, happiness, pleasant abiding [sukha]|.

Esa muñjaṁ parihare,
Dhiratthu mama jīvitaṁ;
Saṅgāme me mataṁ seyyo,
Yañce jīve parājito.

I wear |Muñja grass::a tough Asiatic grass used for thatching roofs, ropes and making baskets; (comm) mental firmness and courage [muñja]|,
wretched would life be to me!
It is better that I die in battle,
than live on defeated.

Pagāḷhettha na dissanti,
Eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā;
Tañca maggaṁ na jānanti,
Yena gacchanti subbatā.

Some so-called ascetics and brahmins,
are not seen here living with restraint;
They do not know the path by which,
|those of good conduct::virtuous persons [subbatā]| travel.

Samantā dhajiniṁ disvā,
Yuttaṁ māraṁ savāhanaṁ;
Yuddhāya paccuggacchāmi,
maṁ ṭhānā acāvayi.

Having seen the bannered army all around,
and Māra, with his mount, fully arrayed;
I go forth to meet him in battle,
let me not be moved from my ground.

Yaṁ te taṁ nappasahati,
Senaṁ loko sadevako;
Taṁ te paññāya bhecchāmi,
Āmaṁ pattaṁva asmanā.

Even the world with all its gods,
cannot conquer that army of yours;
But I shall cut through it with wisdom,
like an |unfired::raw, (comm) clay [āma]| pot [is split] with a rock.

Vasīkaritvā saṅkappaṁ,
Satiñca sūpatiṭṭhitaṁ;
Raṭṭhā raṭṭhaṁ vicarissaṁ,
Sāvake vinayaṁ puthū.

Having mastered my intention,
and with mindfulness well established;
I shall wander from country to country,
guiding many disciples.

Te appamattā pahitattā,
Mama sāsanakārakā;
Akāmassa te gamissanti,
Yattha gantvā na socare”.

They—|diligent::doing one’s work or duty well, with alertness, carefulness and care [appamatta]| and resolute,
faithfully carrying out my teaching—
shall go |without desire::without need [akāma]|,
to the state where there is no sorrow.”

“Satta vassāni bhagavantaṁ,
Anubandhiṁ padāpadaṁ;
Otāraṁ nādhigacchissaṁ,
Sambuddhassa satīmato.

“For seven years I followed the Blessed One,
[trailing him] step by step;
Yet I found no opening,
in the perfectly Awakened, Mindful One.

Medavaṇṇaṁva pāsāṇaṁ,
Vāyaso anupariyagā;
Apettha muduṁ vindema,
Api assādanā siyā.

A crow circled around,
a stone that had the color of fat;
[thinking] ‘perhaps we will find something tender here,
perhaps there may be something tasty.’

Aladdhā tattha assādaṁ,
Vāyasetto apakkami;
Kākova selamāsajja,
Nibbijjāpema gotamaṁ”.

But finding nothing tasty there,
the crow flew off from that place;
Like the crow attacking the stone,
we depart disheartened from Gotama.”

Tassa sokaparetassa,
Vīṇā kacchā abhassatha;
Tato so dummano yakkho,
Tatthevantaradhāyathāti.

So much was he |afflicted with sorrow::overcome with sadness, overwhelmed with grief [sokapareta]|,
that his |lute::Indian lute [vīṇā]| fell from his armpit;
Thereupon that saddened spirit,
disappeared right on the spot.

Topics & Qualities:

Diligence

Diligence

The protective quality of guarding the mind amidst sensory experience. By restraining the faculties, the mind remains unsoiled by attraction.

Also known as: alertness, carefulness, heedfulness, conscientiousness, vigilance
Pāli: appamāda, uṭṭhāna
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Continuous effort

Continuous effort

The flame of effort. It is the application of diligence put into moment-to-moment continuity

Also known as: unremitting effort, ardent, persistent, zealous, unflagging endeavor
Pāli: ātāpī, parakkamma
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Cultivation

Cultivation

The active practice of 'bringing into being' wholesome states. It is the deliberate nurturing of the bright state of mind.

Also known as: development, improvement, meditation, nurturing, growth
Pāli: bhāvanā
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Faith

Faith

Confidence in the Buddha's awakening and the efficacy of the path. It brightens and steadies the mind, removing doubt and inspiring energy toward wholesome practice. True faith rests on clarity and direct experience rather than mere belief.

Also known as: confidence, trust, belief, conviction
Pāli: saddha, pasanna
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Mindfulness

Mindfulness

Remembering to be present with continuous effort, observing the body, feelings, mind, and mental qualities in and of themselves.

Also known as: recollecting, remembering, keeping in mind, presence, awareness
Pāli: sati, anupassanā
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Right effort

Right effort

Energy and resolve directed toward preventing unwholesome states from arising, abandoning arisen unwholesome states, cultivating wholesome states, and maintaining arisen wholesome states; persistent application of the mind aligned with the path.

Also known as: right endeavor, right striving
Pāli: sammāvāyāma
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Sorrow-free

Sorrow-free

A serene balance of mind that is untroubled by loss or change. It allows the mind’s natural clarity to surface when freed from clinging.

Also known as: free from sadness, without grief
Pāli: asoka, visoka
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Vigour

Vigour

Energetic effort and resilience in practice. It is the refusal to shrink back, the 'uphill' force that initiates and sustains wholesome actions against the gravity of habit.

Also known as: energy, effort, enthusiasm, zeal, application of will, persistence
Pāli: vīriya
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Wisdom

Wisdom

Lived understanding and sound judgment that steers the mind away from suffering, distinct from mere accumulation of facts.

Also known as: (of a person) wise, astute, intelligent, learned, skilled, firm, stable, steadfast, an experiential understanding of the four noble truths
Pāli: paññā, vijjā, medhā, dhīra, paṇḍita
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Boastfulness

Boastfulness

A puffed-up self-display that advertises one's virtues, attainments, or status to win admiration. It springs from conceit and the craving for recognition, crowding out humility and genuine connection.

Also known as: braggart, exalting oneself, overbearing, self-promotion, self-praising
Pāli: attukkaṁsaka
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Conceit

Conceit

Self-view expressed as comparison—seeing oneself as superior, inferior, or equal; the persistent “I am” conceit (asmimāna) that underlies identification and fuels rebirth

Also known as: arrogance, egotism, pride, self-importance, tendency of self-comparison
Pāli: māna, atimāna, unnaḷa
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Contempt

Contempt

A dismissive or belittling attitude that refuses to acknowledge worth or goodness. It closes the heart, undermines gratitude, and prepares the ground for ill will.

Also known as: ungratefulness, depreciation, denigration, disrespect, belittlement, disparagement
Pāli: makkha
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Craving

Craving

A driving ‘thirst’ that reaches out toward experiences, identities, or outcomes as the place to find satisfaction—“if only I had that.” It spins stories of lack, binds the mind to becoming, and invariably leads to suffering.

Also known as: wanting, yearning, longing, lit. thirst
Pāli: taṇha, abhijjhā
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Discontentment

Discontentment

A state of dissatisfaction with one's requisites or conditions. It fuels the search for more, disturbing peace and preventing the mind from settling into collectedness.

Also known as: dissatisfaction, unsatisfactoriness, boredom
Pāli: asantuṭṭhitā, aratī, atitta
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Doubt

Doubt

Paralyzing indecision about the path or practice. Doubt obstructs confidence and clarity.

Also known as: confusion, indecisiveness, uncertainty, wavering, perplexity
Pāli: vicikiccha, kaṅkhā, vimati
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Drowsiness

Drowsiness

A heaviness or stiffness of the mind that leads to sleepiness. It shrouds clarity like a fog, making the mind unwieldy and prone to drifting away from its object.

Also known as: sleepiness, torpor, feeling lethargic, lit. stiffness (of mind/body due to tiredness)
Pāli: middha
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Dullness

Dullness

Mental stagnation and lack of driving power. It is an inertia where the mind feels thick and incapable of active engagement or investigation.

Also known as: lack of mental clarity or alertness, inertia, mental sluggishness, inattentiveness or lack of sharpness
Pāli: thina
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Fear

Fear

A constricting mental state that arises when the mind perceives threat or danger. It agitates and destabilizes, driving the mind toward avoidance, paralysis, or desperate action.

Also known as: feeling afraid, timid, dread, fright, horror, panic, terror
Pāli: bhaya, dara
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Negligence

Negligence

Dwelling with unrestrained faculties, soiled by sensory attraction. Negligence is the failure to guard the mind and to arouse heedfulness, blocking the arising of wholesome states.

Also known as: carelessness, heedlessness, inattentiveness
Pāli: pamāda
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Personal existence

Personal existence

The view that there is a real self within or a substantial reality outside. This mistaken grasp of self and world sustains attachment, conceit, and the cycle of suffering.

Also known as: identity view, self-view, self-identification, embodied being, egoism
Pāli: sakkāya-diṭṭhi
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Sensual desire

Sensual desire

A mental quality of desiring sensory gratification. It pulls the mind’s attention toward sights, sounds, smells, tastes, or touches in a search for satisfaction.

Also known as: passion for sensual pleasures, lust, craving for pleasure, pull toward enticing sense objects
Pāli: kāmacchanda
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Sorrow

Sorrow

Grief or sadness that follows loss or disappointment, dimming the mind’s natural brightness. It clouds clear perception.

Also known as: grief
Pāli: soka, socati
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Stubbornness

Stubbornness

A rigid, unyielding stance that refuses to bend or reconsider. Rooted in conceit and attachment to views, it hardens the mind against correction, prevents learning from others, and breeds conflict.

Also known as: bullheadedness, obstinacy, inflexibility, pigheadedness
Pāli: thambha, thaddha, patiṭṭhīyati
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Last updated on December 13, 2025