Dhammapada verses 360–382 depict the ideal bhikkhu as one who restrains the senses, body, speech, and mind, leading to freedom from suffering. Emphasis is placed on mindfulness, inner joy, collectedness, and self-reliance. Through discipline and reflection, the bhikkhu advances towards the peace of Nibbāna, shining like the moon freed from clouds.

DHP 360–382  Bhikkhu vagga - Chapter 25 - Bhikkhu

360

Cakkhunā saṁvaro sādhu,
sādhu sotena saṁvaro;
Ghānena saṁvaro sādhu,
sādhu jivhāya saṁvaro.

Restraint with the eye is good,
good is restraint by the ear;
Restraint with the nose is good,
good is restraint by the tongue.

361

Kāyena saṁvaro sādhu,
sādhu vācāya saṁvaro;
Manasā saṁvaro sādhu,
sādhu sabbattha saṁvaro;
Sabbattha saṁvuto bhikkhu,
sabbadukkhā pamuccati.

Restraint with the body is good,
good is restraint by speech;
Restraint with the mind is good,
good is restraint in all aspects;
A bhikkhu restrained in all aspects,
is freed from all |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|.

362

Hatthasaṁyato pādasaṁyato,
Vācāsaṁyato saṁyatuttamo;
Ajjhattarato samāhito,
Eko santusito tamāhu bhikkhuṁ.

With hands restrained, with feet restrained,
with speech restrained, fully restrained;
With inner joy and a |collected::composed, settled [samāhita]| mind,
content in solitude—him they call a true bhikkhu.

363

Yo mukhasaṁyato bhikkhu,
mantabhāṇī anuddhato;
Atthaṁ dhammañca dīpeti,
madhuraṁ tassa bhāsitaṁ.

A bhikkhu who is restrained in speech,
who speaks wisely, who is |unruffled::not agitated, not arrogant, not pompous [anuddhata]|;
Who clarifies both benefit and the |Dhamma::teachings of the Buddha that point to the nature of reality, the ultimate truth [dhamma]|,
his speech is truly sweet.

364

Dhammārāmo dhammarato,
dhammaṁ anuvicintayaṁ;
Dhammaṁ anussaraṁ bhikkhu,
saddhammā na parihāyati.

One who delights and is devoted to the Dhamma,
who thinks and ponders on the Dhamma;
The bhikkhu who recollects the Dhamma,
does not |fall away from::decline in [parihāyati]| the good Dhamma.

365

Salābhaṁ nātimaññeyya,
nāññesaṁ pihayaṁ care;
Aññesaṁ pihayaṁ bhikkhu,
samādhiṁ nādhigacchati.

One |should not look down on::should not have contempt for [nātimaññati]| one’s own |gain::benefit, profit [lābha]|,
nor live |envying::wanting, yearning, desiring [pihayanta]| belongings of others;
A bhikkhu who envies others,
does not attain |stillness of mind::stability of mind, stillness of mind, mental composure, collectedness [samādhi]|.

366

Appalābhopi ce bhikkhu,
salābhaṁ nātimaññati;
Taṁ ve devā pasaṁsanti,
suddhājīviṁ atanditaṁ.

Even if a bhikkhu receives little gain,
but does not look down on his own gain;
Him the gods praise,
one pure in livelihood, who is |energetic::effortful, active [atandita]|.

367

Sabbaso nāmarūpasmiṁ,
yassa natthi mamāyitaṁ;
Asatā ca na socati,
sa ve “bhikkhū”ti vuccati.

In one who sees no |mine-ness::possession, cherishing, sense of ownership [mamāyita]|,
with respect to |name and form::mentality and materiality—the integrated structure of mental capacities (intention, attention, contact, feeling, perception) and physical form that together constitute and sustain an individual being [nāmarūpa]| in every way;
And who does not grieve over what is absent,
he, indeed, is rightly called a “bhikkhu“.

368

Mettāvihārī yo bhikkhu,
pasanno buddhasāsane;
Adhigacche padaṁ santaṁ,
saṅkhārūpasamaṁ sukhaṁ.

A bhikkhu who dwells with |loving-kindness::goodwill, friendliness, benevolence [metta]|,
and has confidence in the Buddha’s teaching;
Attains the peaceful state,
the contentment of the |stilling of mental activities::quieting of conditions, Nibbāna [saṅkhārūpasama]|.

369

Siñca bhikkhu imaṁ nāvaṁ,
sittā te lahumessati;
Chetvā rāgañca dosañca,
tato nibbānamehisi.

Bail out this boat, bhikkhu,
when bailed out, it will sail swiftly;
Having cut off |passion::intense desire, strong emotion, infatuation, obsession, lust [rāga]| and |aversion::hatred, hostility, mental attitude of rejection, fault-finding, resentful disapproval [dosa]|,
from here, one goes to |Nibbāna::complete cooling, letting go of everything, deathless, freedom from calamity, the non-disintegrating [nibbāna]|.

370

Pañca chinde pañca jahe,
pañca cuttari bhāvaye;
Pañca saṅgātigo bhikkhu,
“oghatiṇṇo”ti vuccati.

|Let one cut off five::Five lower fetters of view of personal existence, doubt, adherence to rules and observances, sensual desire, and ill will should be cut off.|, and |abandon five::Five higher fetters of desire for fine-material existence, desire for immaterial existence, conceit, restlessness, and ignorance should be abandoned.|,
|and cultivate five further::Five spiritual faculties of confidence, energy, mindfulness, collectedness, and wisdom should be developed and cultivated.|;
A bhikkhu who overcomes |five kinds of clinging::Clinging at the five aggregates of form, feeling, perception, intentional constructs, and consciousness should be overcome.|,
he is called “one who has crossed the flood.”

371

Jhāya bhikkhu pamādo,
te kāmaguṇe ramessu cittaṁ;
lohaguḷaṁ gilī pamatto,
kandi “dukkhamidan”ti dayhamāno.

Meditate, bhikkhu! Do not be |negligent::inattentive, careless, intoxicated [pamāda]|,
Let not your mind delight in the sense pleasures;
Do not, in negligence, swallow the iron ball,
and cry “This is suffering!” while burning [from it].

372

Natthi jhānaṁ apaññassa,
paññā natthi ajhāyato;
Yamhi jhānañca paññā ca,
sa ve nibbānasantike.

There is no |jhāna::A mental quality of composure where awareness is gathered, steady, rather than scattered or tense. In such collectedness, supported by mindfulness and right view, experience is clearly known and can be wisely contemplated. Read more in the [AN 5.28 - fivefold right collectedness](/an5.28) discourse. [jhāna]| for the |unwise::lacking in discernment or good sense, immature [apañña]|,
and no wisdom for one who does not [train for] jhāna;
But in whom both jhāna and wisdom are found,
he is truly near to Nibbāna.

373

Suññāgāraṁ paviṭṭhassa,
santacittassa bhikkhuno;
Amānusī rati hoti,
sammā dhammaṁ vipassato.

For a bhikkhu who has entered an |empty dwelling::uninhabited place, a physical home devoid of a self, e.g. a hut, a cave, forest [suññāgāra]|,
with a calm mind;
There arises a divine joy,
from rightly discerning the Dhamma.

374

Yato yato sammasati,
khandhānaṁ udayabbayaṁ;
Labhatī pītipāmojjaṁ,
amataṁ taṁ vijānataṁ.

Whenever one knows with right mindfulness,
the |arising and passing away::appearance and disappearance, formation and dissolution [udayabbaya]| of the |aggregates::the five aggregates of form, feeling, perception, intentional constructs, and consciousness; components of mind and body [khandha]|;
There one gains joy and gladness,
that is |deathless::deathless state, epithet of Nibbāna [amata]| for one who knows.

375

Tatrāyamādi bhavati,
idha paññassa bhikkhuno;
Indriyagutti santuṭṭhi,
pātimokkhe ca saṁvaro.

This is the foundation,
for a wise bhikkhu;
guarding the sense faculties, contentment,
and restraint per the |moral code of conduct::monastic code of discipline which promotes harmonious and pure conduct with others [pātimokkha]|.

376

Mitte bhajassu kalyāṇe,
suddhājīve atandite;
Paṭisanthāravutyassa,
ācārakusalo siyā;
Tato pāmojjabahulo,
dukkhassantaṁ karissati.

Associate with good friends,
of pure livelihood, energetic;
|Be one of welcoming nature::one should be cordial by nature, one should have a friendly disposition [paṭisanthāravutyassa]|,
well mannered;
Then filled with joy,
you will bring suffering to its end.

377

Vassikā viya pupphāni,
maddavāni pamuñcati;
Evaṁ rāgañca dosañca,
vippamuñcetha bhikkhavo.

Just as the jasmine,
sheds its withered flowers;
So too, bhikkhus, you should,
shed away |passion::intense desire, strong emotion, infatuation, obsession, lust [rāga]| and |aversion::hatred, hostility, mental attitude of rejection, fault-finding, resentful disapproval [dosa]|.

378

Santakāyo santavāco,
santavā susamāhito;
Vantalokāmiso bhikkhu,
“upasanto”ti vuccati.

Calm in body, calm in speech,
calm in mind and |well composed::completely calm, totally settled, attentive, completely collected [susamāhita]|;
a bhikkhu who has renounced the world’s bait,
is rightly said to be “one at peace.”

379

Attanā codayattānaṁ,
paṭimaṁsetha attanā;
So attagutto satimā,
sukhaṁ bhikkhu vihāhisi.

By oneself should one stir oneself,
by oneself should one examine oneself;
He who is self-restrained and |mindful::who has recollection, is aware, present [satimant]|,
is a bhikkhu who lives happily.

380

Attā hi attano nātho,
ko hi nātho paro siyā;
Attā hi attano gati,
tasmā saṁyamamattānaṁ;
Assaṁ bhadraṁva vāṇijo.

The self is indeed one’s own refuge,
for who else could be a refuge?
The self is indeed the destination of oneself;
Therefore, restrain yourself,
as a merchant restrains his thoroughbred horse.

381

Pāmojjabahulo bhikkhu,
pasanno buddhasāsane;
Adhigacche padaṁ santaṁ,
saṅkhārūpasamaṁ sukhaṁ.

A bhikkhu full of joy,
who has confidence in the Buddha’s teaching;
Attains the peaceful state,
the contentment of the stilling of mental activities.

382

Yo have daharo bhikkhu,
yuñjati buddhasāsane;
Somaṁ lokaṁ pabhāseti,
abbhā muttova candimā.

A young bhikkhu,
who |applies himself to::endeavors in [yuñjati]| the Buddha’s teaching,
|Illuminates::brightens [pabhāseti]| the world,
like the moon freed from clouds.

Topics & Qualities:

Companionship

Companionship

Companionship is the state of being with others, fostering connection, support, and mutual growth. This topic highlights how our associations influence us, whether positively or negatively, and explores the conditions and choices that lead to different kinds of companionship.

Also known as: fellowship, association, camaraderie, friendship
Pāli: sahāyatā, mittatā
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Desire

Desire

A wholesome motivation, interest, or objective that acts as the starting point for effort and application of will.

Also known as: aspiration, interest, wish, having an objective, intention, impulse
Pāli: chanda
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Investigation

Investigation

Investigation involves the process of a careful inquiry of mental states, qualities, and phenomena, examining their arising, persisting, and ceasing in order to understand their true nature and support the cultivation of wisdom and awakening.

Also known as: inquiry, contemplation, examination, analysis, exploration
Pāli: vicaya, vīmaṃsā, parikkhati
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Jhana

Jhana

A mental quality of composure where awareness is gathered, steady, rather than scattered or tense. In such collectedness, supported by mindfulness and right view, experience is clearly known and can be wisely contemplated, unlike narrow or disconnected concentration that shuts out the senses and feeds delusion.

Also known as: absorption, concentration, collectedness, mental composure, stability of mind, undistracted awareness
Pāli: jhāna, samādhi, samāhita, susamāhita, sammāsamādhi
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Liberation

Liberation

Liberation can imply a temporary release of the mind, i.e. liberated from certain unwholesome mental qualities or complete liberation from all unwholesome qualities of the mind, i.e. Nibbāna.

Also known as: freedom, release, emancipation, deliverance
Pāli: cetovimutti, paññāvimutti, akuppā cetovimutti, vimutti, nibbāna
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Loving Kindness

Loving Kindness

The practice of developing boundless love and goodwill toward all beings, starting with oneself and extending outward.

Also known as: metta practice, unconditional love, goodwill meditation, goodwill, benevolence, kindness, friendliness
Pāli: mettā, metta, abyāpāda, abyāpajja
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Contentment

Contentment

The quality of being satisfied with the requisites one has and with the present conditions, resulting in having few desires and being free from agitation.

Also known as: fewness of wishes, having few desires, satisfaction, sense of ease
Pāli: santutthi, appicchatā, tuṭṭha, tosana
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Continuous effort

Continuous effort

The flame of effort. It is the application of diligence put into moment-to-moment continuity

Also known as: unremitting effort, ardent, persistent, zealous, unflagging endeavor
Pāli: ātāpī, parakkamma
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Cultivation

Cultivation

The active practice of 'bringing into being' wholesome states. It is the deliberate nurturing of the bright state of mind.

Also known as: development, improvement, meditation, nurturing, growth
Pāli: bhāvanā
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Discernment

Discernment

Clear seeing that distinguishes what is wholesome from unwholesome, true from false.

Also known as: ability to make out distinctions, ability to discriminate, distinguish, clear seeing, penetrating internal vision
Pāli: viveka, vipassanā, nipaka, niccheyya
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Ending

Ending

The complete exhaustion and cessation of craving, aversion, and delusion—the three roots of suffering. It refers to both the gradual wearing away of defilements through practice and the final cessation that constitutes Nibbāna.

Also known as: cessation, exhaustion, gradual ending, wearing away
Pāli: khaya, khīṇa, nirodha
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Ethical conduct

Ethical conduct

A disciplined way of living grounded in harmlessness and integrity. Ethical conduct restrains the body and speech from harm, purifies behavior, and forms the foundation for collectedness and wisdom.

Also known as: moral integrity, right action, virtue
Pāli: sīla, sammākammanta
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Faith

Faith

Confidence in the Buddha's awakening and the efficacy of the path. It brightens and steadies the mind, removing doubt and inspiring energy toward wholesome practice. True faith rests on clarity and direct experience rather than mere belief.

Also known as: confidence, trust, belief, conviction
Pāli: saddha, pasanna
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Giving up

Giving up

The mental quality of renunciation and release from attachment. It delights in simplicity and freedom rather than in sensual pleasure. Giving up is not loss but the joyful abandoning of burden, opening the way to peace and insight.

Also known as: renunciation, relinquishment, letting go, abandonment
Pāli: nekkhamma
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Learned

Learned

One who has broad learning and retention of the Dhamma, gained through hearing, reciting, and carefully investigating the teachings. Such learning penetrates their meaning through discernment and serves as a strong support for practice.

Also known as: having knowledge, well studied
Pāli: bahussuta, suta
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Mindfulness

Mindfulness

Remembering to be present with continuous effort, observing the body, feelings, mind, and mental qualities in and of themselves.

Also known as: recollecting, remembering, keeping in mind, presence, awareness
Pāli: sati, anupassanā
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Recognition of impermanence

Recognition of impermanence

Perceiving all conditioned things as unstable and transient. This recognition weakens attachment by revealing the continual arising and ceasing of phenomena, turning the mind toward wisdom and release.

Also known as: perception of impermanence, perception of instability, realization of transience
Pāli: aniccasaññā
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Respect

Respect

A mental attitude of reverent attentiveness that values goodness and wisdom in oneself and others. It steadies conduct and opens the mind to learning and humility.

Also known as: reverence, veneration, regard, admiration, appreciation, deference, honour, attentiveness
Pāli: gārava, sakkāra
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Right speech

Right speech

Speech that is purified by abstaining from falsehood, divisive talk, harsh words, and idle chatter.

Also known as: truthful speech, honest speech, kind speech, beneficial speech, harmonious speech, articulate words, eloquent communication
Pāli: sammāvācā
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Rousing of energy

Rousing of energy

The arousing of effort and determination in body and mind. It begins with confidence and reflection on purpose, stirring energy for wholesome action.

Also known as: determination, being energetic, taking initiative, making a mental decision to act
Pāli: vīriyārambha, āraddhavīriya, uṭṭhānavant, atandita, pahitatta
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Self-control

Self-control

A quality of mastering one’s impulses and responses through restraint.

Also known as: self-restraint, self-mastery
Pāli: saṃvara, saññata, saṃvuta
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Sense restraint

Sense restraint

A practice of guarding the sense doors by not grasping at the general features or details of sense objects when seeing, hearing, sensing, and cognizing.

Also known as: guarding the sense faculties, watching the sense doors, not grasping at the prominent features or details of sense objects, moderation in eating
Pāli: indriya saṁvara
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Solitude

Solitude

Physical seclusion from crowds and mental seclusion from unwholesome states. It provides the quietude necessary for the mind to settle, detach from worldly entanglements, and develop deep collectedness.

Also known as: seclusion, privacy, aloofness, non-association
Pāli: viveka, asaṃsaṭṭha
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Tranquility

Tranquility

A mental quality of calm and stillness that arises when the body and mind are unburdened by agitation.

Also known as: calmness, peacefulness, serenity
Pāli: passaddhi, santi, upasama, upasanta
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Vigour

Vigour

Energetic effort and resilience in practice. It is the refusal to shrink back, the 'uphill' force that initiates and sustains wholesome actions against the gravity of habit.

Also known as: energy, effort, enthusiasm, zeal, application of will, persistence
Pāli: vīriya
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Vision

Vision

The corrective clarity that clearly sees into the true nature of things as they actually are.

Also known as: seeing clearly, seeing things as they are, seeing the truth, seeing the dhamma
Pāli: dassana
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Wisdom

Wisdom

Lived understanding and sound judgment that steers the mind away from suffering, distinct from mere accumulation of facts.

Also known as: (of a person) wise, astute, intelligent, learned, skilled, firm, stable, steadfast, an experiential understanding of the four noble truths
Pāli: paññā, vijjā, medhā, dhīra, paṇḍita
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Wise attention

Wise attention

Paying attention to the point of contact where experience originates. It discerns the specific cause of the present moment, preventing the mind from drifting into proliferation.

Also known as: proper attention, prudent use of the mind, attention to the source
Pāli: yonisomanasikāra
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Anger

Anger

A burning surge of aversion that erupts against people or situations, scorching clarity and kindness. It distorts perception and drives speech and action toward harm.

Also known as: rage, wrath, fury, indignation
Pāli: kodha, kopa
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Anxiety

Anxiety

A fluttering, unsettled state of mind, worried about past or future and unsure what is right to do. It keeps the mind circling around concerns without resolution, weakening confidence and obscuring calm discernment.

Also known as: agitation, confusion about what is right and wrong, distress, fickleness, fidgetiness, edginess, restlessness, wavering, worry
Pāli: kukkucca, uddhacca, darathaja
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Attachment

Attachment

A mental fastening onto people, things, views, or states as “me” or “mine,” unwilling to release them. This clinging can give a sense of security and sweetness.

Also known as: acquisition, bond, clinging, grasping, holding on, possession, entanglement, bound, connected, taking as mine
Pāli: upadhi, upādāna, sakiñcana, mamatta
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Aversion

Aversion

A rejecting mental quality rooted in perception, where one instinctively turns away from or resists unpleasant experiences or objects; it manifests as a tendency to push away discomfort, obstructing patience and acceptance.

Also known as: animosity, hate, hostility, fault-finding mindset, upset
Pāli: dosa, paṭighasaññā, vera
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Clinging to rules and observances

Clinging to rules and observances

A grasping at external forms of practice—rituals, customs, or rules—as ends in themselves, believing they alone lead to purification. It mistakes the letter for the spirit, binding the mind to outward observance while missing the inner transformation they are meant to support.

Also known as: attachment to rites and rituals, attachment to precepts, attachment to practices, attachment to customs, attachment to conventions, attachment to traditions, attachment to ceremonies, attachment to rules, attachment to regulations, attachment to laws
Pāli: sīlabbataparāmāsa
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Conceit

Conceit

Self-view expressed as comparison—seeing oneself as superior, inferior, or equal; the persistent “I am” conceit (asmimāna) that underlies identification and fuels rebirth

Also known as: arrogance, egotism, pride, self-importance, tendency of self-comparison
Pāli: māna, atimāna, unnaḷa
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Contempt

Contempt

A dismissive or belittling attitude that refuses to acknowledge worth or goodness. It closes the heart, undermines gratitude, and prepares the ground for ill will.

Also known as: ungratefulness, depreciation, denigration, disrespect, belittlement, disparagement
Pāli: makkha
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Craving

Craving

A driving ‘thirst’ that reaches out toward experiences, identities, or outcomes as the place to find satisfaction—“if only I had that.” It spins stories of lack, binds the mind to becoming, and invariably leads to suffering.

Also known as: wanting, yearning, longing, lit. thirst
Pāli: taṇha, abhijjhā
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Distraction

Distraction

A scattered, unfocused state of mind where attention flits from object to object without settling. A distracted mind lacks the composure needed for clear seeing and is easily pulled by whatever arises.

Also known as: scattered attention, uncollected, not well-composed, with a wandering mind, with runaway thoughts
Pāli: asamāhita, asamādhi, amanasikāra
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Doubt

Doubt

Paralyzing indecision about the path or practice. Doubt obstructs confidence and clarity.

Also known as: confusion, indecisiveness, uncertainty, wavering, perplexity
Pāli: vicikiccha, kaṅkhā, vimati
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Ignorance

Ignorance

A fundamental blindness to the true nature of reality. It is not merely a lack of information, but an active misperception that views the transient as permanent and the unsatisfactory as a source of happiness, thereby fueling the cycle of suffering.

Also known as: illusion of knowing, fundamental unawareness of the true nature of reality, misunderstanding of how things have come to be, not knowing the four noble truths
Pāli: avijjā
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Immaturity

Immaturity

A childish lack of discernment that fails to see the results of actions clearly. It delights in surface pleasure and ignores consequence. Immaturity leads to poor choices and association with unwise companions.

Also known as: lacking in discernment, lacking in good sense, child-like in understanding, lack of wisdom, lack of experience, foolishness
Pāli: bāla
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Jealousy

Jealousy

A painful mental state that arises when seeing the good fortune or qualities of others. It begrudges what others have and resents their happiness, closing the heart to appreciative joy.

Also known as: covetousness, envy, possessiveness, protective of, unwilling to part with
Pāli: issā
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Lack of discernment

Lack of discernment

Failure to understand cause and effect or to recognize wholesome from unwholesome. It clouds judgment and makes the mind easily led by craving and aversion.

Also known as: lack of clear comprehension, lack of wisdom, child-like in understanding
Pāli: asampajañña, bāla, duppañña
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Negligence

Negligence

Dwelling with unrestrained faculties, soiled by sensory attraction. Negligence is the failure to guard the mind and to arouse heedfulness, blocking the arising of wholesome states.

Also known as: carelessness, heedlessness, inattentiveness
Pāli: pamāda
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Passion

Passion

Intense desire or lust that dyes the mind. It fixates on the features of objects, coloring perception with infatuation and making it difficult to see things as they truly are.

Also known as: burning fever, intense desire, strong emotion, infatuation, obsession, lust
Pāli: rāga
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Personal existence

Personal existence

The view that there is a real self within or a substantial reality outside. This mistaken grasp of self and world sustains attachment, conceit, and the cycle of suffering.

Also known as: identity view, self-view, self-identification, embodied being, egoism
Pāli: sakkāya-diṭṭhi
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Sensual desire

Sensual desire

A mental quality of desiring sensory gratification. It pulls the mind’s attention toward sights, sounds, smells, tastes, or touches in a search for satisfaction.

Also known as: passion for sensual pleasures, lust, craving for pleasure, pull toward enticing sense objects
Pāli: kāmacchanda
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Suffering

Suffering

Unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering that is inherent in conditioned existence.

Also known as: discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentedness, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, distress, affliction
Pāli: dukkha
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Last updated on December 13, 2025